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In Java, the exception hierarchy is organized as a class hierarchy, where different types of exceptions are represented by different classes. All exception classes in Java are derived from the Throwable
class, which serves as the root of the exception hierarchy. The Throwable
class has two main subclasses: Error
and Exception
.
Error:
OutOfMemoryError
, StackOverflowError
, NoSuchMethodError
, AssertionError
, etc.Exception:
Exceptions represent exceptional conditions that can be handled and recovered from within the application. They occur during the normal execution of the program and may be caused by various factors, such as invalid inputs, I/O errors, arithmetic errors, etc.
Exceptions are further divided into two subtypes: checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions.
Checked Exceptions:
IOException
, SQLException
, ParseException
, InterruptedException
, etc.Unchecked Exceptions:
NullPointerException
, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
, ArithmeticException
, IllegalArgumentException
, etc.Below is a simplified representation of the Java exception hierarchy:
phpCopy codeThrowable
├── Error
│ ├── OutOfMemoryError
│ ├── StackOverflowError
│ ├── ...
│
└── Exception
├── RuntimeException (Unchecked)
│ ├── NullPointerException
│ ├── IndexOutOfBoundsException
│ ├── ArithmeticException
│ ├── ...
│
└── IOException (Checked)
├── FileNotFoundException
├── SocketException
├── ...
When writing Java code, you need to handle or declare checked exceptions explicitly, while unchecked exceptions usually indicate issues that need to be resolved in the code. By understanding the exception hierarchy, you can better manage exceptional situations and make your programs more robust and reliable.
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